[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":3190},["ShallowReactive",2],{"blog-\u002Fblog\u002Fedm-errors-and-calibration":3,"blog-surround-\u002Fblog\u002Fedm-errors-and-calibration":3179},{"id":4,"title":5,"author":6,"body":7,"category":3148,"description":3149,"extension":3150,"image":3151,"meta":3152,"navigation":3171,"path":3172,"publishedAt":3173,"readTime":3174,"seo":3175,"sitemap":3176,"stem":3177,"__hash__":3178},"blog\u002Fblog\u002F9.edm-errors-and-calibration.md","EDM Calibration: Eliminating Zero, Scale, and Cyclic Errors","Surveyiiing Expert",{"type":8,"value":9,"toc":3120},"minimark",[10,15,41,45,235,239,244,250,340,344,350,360,364,445,449,561,658,692,1618,1622,1903,1907,1942,2147,2633,2637,2669,2673,2930,2934,3041,3045,3106,3110],[11,12,14],"h2",{"id":13},"overview","Overview",[16,17,18,19,23,24,27,28,31,32,36,37,40],"p",{},"Modern Total Stations are incredibly precise, but they are not \"perfect\" out of the box. Every Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM) unit is subject to three distinct types of error: ",[20,21,22],"strong",{},"Zero Error",", ",[20,25,26],{},"Scale Error",", and ",[20,29,30],{},"Cyclic Error"," ",[33,34,35],"span",{},"49, 50",". To maintain sub-millimeter accuracy, a surveyor must regularly calibrate their equipment on a multi-pillar baseline ",[33,38,39],{},"51",".",[11,42,44],{"id":43},"why-this-matters","Why This Matters",[16,46,47,48,161,162,201,202,231,232,40],{},"A manufacturer might quote an accuracy of ",[33,49,52,98],{"className":50},[51],"katex",[33,53,56],{"className":54},[55],"katex-mathml",[57,58,60],"math",{"xmlns":59},"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML",[61,62,63,93],"semantics",{},[64,65,66,70,74,78,82,85,87,90],"mrow",{},[67,68,69],"mo",{},"±",[67,71,73],{"stretchy":72},"false","(",[75,76,77],"mn",{},"2",[79,80,81],"mtext",{}," mm",[67,83,84],{},"+",[75,86,77],{},[79,88,89],{}," ppm",[67,91,92],{"stretchy":72},")",[94,95,97],"annotation",{"encoding":96},"application\u002Fx-tex","\\pm(2\\text{ mm} + 2\\text{ ppm})",[33,99,103,142],{"className":100,"ariaHidden":102},[101],"katex-html","true",[33,104,107,112,116,120,123,130,135,139],{"className":105},[106],"base",[33,108],{"className":109,"style":111},[110],"strut","height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;",[33,113,69],{"className":114},[115],"mord",[33,117,73],{"className":118},[119],"mopen",[33,121,77],{"className":122},[115],[33,124,127],{"className":125},[115,126],"text",[33,128,81],{"className":129},[115],[33,131],{"className":132,"style":134},[133],"mspace","margin-right:0.2222em;",[33,136,84],{"className":137},[138],"mbin",[33,140],{"className":141,"style":134},[133],[33,143,145,148,151,157],{"className":144},[106],[33,146],{"className":147,"style":111},[110],[33,149,77],{"className":150},[115],[33,152,154],{"className":153},[115,126],[33,155,89],{"className":156},[115],[33,158,92],{"className":159},[160],"mclose",". If your instrument has an uncorrected ",[33,163,165,182],{"className":164},[51],[33,166,168],{"className":167},[55],[57,169,170],{"xmlns":59},[61,171,172,179],{},[64,173,174,177],{},[75,175,176],{},"5",[79,178,81],{},[94,180,181],{"encoding":96},"5\\text{ mm}",[33,183,185],{"className":184,"ariaHidden":102},[101],[33,186,188,192,195],{"className":187},[106],[33,189],{"className":190,"style":191},[110],"height:0.6444em;",[33,193,176],{"className":194},[115],[33,196,198],{"className":197},[115,126],[33,199,81],{"className":200},[115]," Zero Error, every single distance you measure will be wrong by that amount, regardless of the distance. Over a ",[33,203,205,219],{"className":204},[51],[33,206,208],{"className":207},[55],[57,209,210],{"xmlns":59},[61,211,212,217],{},[64,213,214],{},[75,215,216],{},"10",[94,218,216],{"encoding":96},[33,220,222],{"className":221,"ariaHidden":102},[101],[33,223,225,228],{"className":224},[106],[33,226],{"className":227,"style":191},[110],[33,229,216],{"className":230},[115],"-station traverse, this bias accumulates into a massive misclosure ",[33,233,234],{},"52, 53",[11,236,238],{"id":237},"theory-of-edm-errors","Theory of EDM Errors",[240,241,243],"h3",{"id":242},"_1-zero-error-the-index-error","1. Zero Error (The Index Error)",[16,245,246,247,40],{},"This is a constant bias caused by the difference between the instrument's \"electrical center\" and its physical center, plus the \"reflector constant\" of the prism ",[33,248,249],{},"50, 54",[251,252,253],"ul",{},[254,255,256,259,260,298,299,31,337,40],"li",{},[20,257,258],{},"Characteristic:"," It is the same for a ",[33,261,263,280],{"className":262},[51],[33,264,266],{"className":265},[55],[57,267,268],{"xmlns":59},[61,269,270,277],{},[64,271,272,274],{},[75,273,216],{},[79,275,276],{}," m",[94,278,279],{"encoding":96},"10\\text{ m}",[33,281,283],{"className":282,"ariaHidden":102},[101],[33,284,286,289,292],{"className":285},[106],[33,287],{"className":288,"style":191},[110],[33,290,216],{"className":291},[115],[33,293,295],{"className":294},[115,126],[33,296,276],{"className":297},[115]," measurement as it is for ",[33,300,302,319],{"className":301},[51],[33,303,305],{"className":304},[55],[57,306,307],{"xmlns":59},[61,308,309,316],{},[64,310,311,314],{},[75,312,313],{},"1000",[79,315,276],{},[94,317,318],{"encoding":96},"1000\\text{ m}",[33,320,322],{"className":321,"ariaHidden":102},[101],[33,323,325,328,331],{"className":324},[106],[33,326],{"className":327,"style":191},[110],[33,329,313],{"className":330},[115],[33,332,334],{"className":333},[115,126],[33,335,276],{"className":336},[115],[33,338,339],{},"52",[240,341,343],{"id":342},"_2-scale-error-proportional-error","2. Scale Error (Proportional Error)",[16,345,346,347,40],{},"Caused by internal crystal oscillator frequency variations, usually due to temperature changes or aging ",[33,348,349],{},"50",[251,351,352],{},[254,353,354,356,357,40],{},[20,355,258],{}," The error increases with distance (expressed in parts per million or ppm) ",[33,358,359],{},"50, 52",[240,361,363],{"id":362},"_3-cyclic-error-phase-error","3. Cyclic Error (Phase Error)",[16,365,366,367,403,404,442,443,40],{},"Caused by \"electrical cross-talk\" within the instrument. The error varies sinusoidally with distance and repeats every half-wavelength of the modulation frequency (typically every ",[33,368,370,385],{"className":369},[51],[33,371,373],{"className":372},[55],[57,374,375],{"xmlns":59},[61,376,377,383],{},[64,378,379,381],{},[75,380,216],{},[79,382,276],{},[94,384,279],{"encoding":96},[33,386,388],{"className":387,"ariaHidden":102},[101],[33,389,391,394,397],{"className":390},[106],[33,392],{"className":393,"style":191},[110],[33,395,216],{"className":396},[115],[33,398,400],{"className":399},[115,126],[33,401,276],{"className":402},[115]," or ",[33,405,407,424],{"className":406},[51],[33,408,410],{"className":409},[55],[57,411,412],{"xmlns":59},[61,413,414,421],{},[64,415,416,419],{},[75,417,418],{},"20",[79,420,276],{},[94,422,423],{"encoding":96},"20\\text{ m}",[33,425,427],{"className":426,"ariaHidden":102},[101],[33,428,430,433,436],{"className":429},[106],[33,431],{"className":432,"style":191},[110],[33,434,418],{"className":435},[115],[33,437,439],{"className":438},[115,126],[33,440,276],{"className":441},[115],") ",[33,444,349],{},[11,446,448],{"id":447},"mathematical-principles","Mathematical Principles",[16,450,451,452,31,557,560],{},"The general accuracy of an EDM is expressed as:\n",[33,453,455,491],{"className":454},[51],[33,456,458],{"className":457},[55],[57,459,460],{"xmlns":59},[61,461,462,488],{},[64,463,464,468,471,473,475,478,480,483,486],{},[465,466,467],"mi",{},"σ",[67,469,470],{},"=",[67,472,69],{},[67,474,73],{"stretchy":72},[465,476,477],{},"a",[67,479,84],{},[465,481,482],{},"b",[465,484,485],{},"D",[67,487,92],{"stretchy":72},[94,489,490],{"encoding":96},"\\sigma = \\pm (a + bD)",[33,492,494,517,541],{"className":493,"ariaHidden":102},[101],[33,495,497,501,506,510,514],{"className":496},[106],[33,498],{"className":499,"style":500},[110],"height:0.4306em;",[33,502,467],{"className":503,"style":505},[115,504],"mathnormal","margin-right:0.0359em;",[33,507],{"className":508,"style":509},[133],"margin-right:0.2778em;",[33,511,470],{"className":512},[513],"mrel",[33,515],{"className":516,"style":509},[133],[33,518,520,523,526,529,532,535,538],{"className":519},[106],[33,521],{"className":522,"style":111},[110],[33,524,69],{"className":525},[115],[33,527,73],{"className":528},[119],[33,530,477],{"className":531},[115,504],[33,533],{"className":534,"style":134},[133],[33,536,84],{"className":537},[138],[33,539],{"className":540,"style":134},[133],[33,542,544,547,550,554],{"className":543},[106],[33,545],{"className":546,"style":111},[110],[33,548,482],{"className":549},[115,504],[33,551,485],{"className":552,"style":553},[115,504],"margin-right:0.0278em;",[33,555,92],{"className":556},[160],[33,558,559],{},"52, 54",".\nWhere:",[251,562,563,594,626],{},[254,564,565,593],{},[33,566,568,581],{"className":567},[51],[33,569,571],{"className":570},[55],[57,572,573],{"xmlns":59},[61,574,575,579],{},[64,576,577],{},[465,578,477],{},[94,580,477],{"encoding":96},[33,582,584],{"className":583,"ariaHidden":102},[101],[33,585,587,590],{"className":586},[106],[33,588],{"className":589,"style":500},[110],[33,591,477],{"className":592},[115,504]," = The constant error (Zero Error).",[254,595,596,625],{},[33,597,599,612],{"className":598},[51],[33,600,602],{"className":601},[55],[57,603,604],{"xmlns":59},[61,605,606,610],{},[64,607,608],{},[465,609,482],{},[94,611,482],{"encoding":96},[33,613,615],{"className":614,"ariaHidden":102},[101],[33,616,618,622],{"className":617},[106],[33,619],{"className":620,"style":621},[110],"height:0.6944em;",[33,623,482],{"className":624},[115,504]," = The proportional error (Scale Error).",[254,627,628,657],{},[33,629,631,644],{"className":630},[51],[33,632,634],{"className":633},[55],[57,635,636],{"xmlns":59},[61,637,638,642],{},[64,639,640],{},[465,641,485],{},[94,643,485],{"encoding":96},[33,645,647],{"className":646,"ariaHidden":102},[101],[33,648,650,654],{"className":649},[106],[33,651],{"className":652,"style":653},[110],"height:0.6833em;",[33,655,485],{"className":656,"style":553},[115,504]," = Distance measured.",[240,659,661,662,92],{"id":660},"solving-for-zero-error-kkk","Solving for Zero Error (",[33,663,665,679],{"className":664},[51],[33,666,668],{"className":667},[55],[57,669,670],{"xmlns":59},[61,671,672,677],{},[64,673,674],{},[465,675,676],{},"K",[94,678,676],{"encoding":96},[33,680,682],{"className":681,"ariaHidden":102},[101],[33,683,685,688],{"className":684},[106],[33,686],{"className":687,"style":653},[110],[33,689,676],{"className":690,"style":691},[115,504],"margin-right:0.0715em;",[16,693,694,695,731,732,768,769,803,804,832,833,922,1310,31,1615,40],{},"If you measure a baseline ",[33,696,698,716],{"className":697},[51],[33,699,701],{"className":700},[55],[57,702,703],{"xmlns":59},[61,704,705,713],{},[64,706,707,710],{},[465,708,709],{},"A",[465,711,712],{},"C",[94,714,715],{"encoding":96},"AC",[33,717,719],{"className":718,"ariaHidden":102},[101],[33,720,722,725,728],{"className":721},[106],[33,723],{"className":724,"style":653},[110],[33,726,709],{"className":727},[115,504],[33,729,712],{"className":730,"style":691},[115,504]," in two parts, ",[33,733,735,752],{"className":734},[51],[33,736,738],{"className":737},[55],[57,739,740],{"xmlns":59},[61,741,742,749],{},[64,743,744,746],{},[465,745,709],{},[465,747,748],{},"B",[94,750,751],{"encoding":96},"AB",[33,753,755],{"className":754,"ariaHidden":102},[101],[33,756,758,761,764],{"className":757},[106],[33,759],{"className":760,"style":653},[110],[33,762,709],{"className":763},[115,504],[33,765,748],{"className":766,"style":767},[115,504],"margin-right:0.0502em;"," and ",[33,770,772,788],{"className":771},[51],[33,773,775],{"className":774},[55],[57,776,777],{"xmlns":59},[61,778,779,785],{},[64,780,781,783],{},[465,782,748],{},[465,784,712],{},[94,786,787],{"encoding":96},"BC",[33,789,791],{"className":790,"ariaHidden":102},[101],[33,792,794,797,800],{"className":793},[106],[33,795],{"className":796,"style":653},[110],[33,798,748],{"className":799,"style":767},[115,504],[33,801,712],{"className":802,"style":691},[115,504],", the Zero Error (",[33,805,807,820],{"className":806},[51],[33,808,810],{"className":809},[55],[57,811,812],{"xmlns":59},[61,813,814,818],{},[64,815,816],{},[465,817,676],{},[94,819,676],{"encoding":96},[33,821,823],{"className":822,"ariaHidden":102},[101],[33,824,826,829],{"className":825},[106],[33,827],{"className":828,"style":653},[110],[33,830,676],{"className":831,"style":691},[115,504],") can be found because:\nTrue ",[33,834,836,864],{"className":835},[51],[33,837,839],{"className":838},[55],[57,840,841],{"xmlns":59},[61,842,843,861],{},[64,844,845,847,849,851,853,855,857,859],{},[465,846,709],{},[465,848,712],{},[67,850,470],{},[465,852,709],{},[465,854,748],{},[67,856,84],{},[465,858,748],{},[465,860,712],{},[94,862,863],{"encoding":96},"AC = AB + BC",[33,865,867,888,910],{"className":866,"ariaHidden":102},[101],[33,868,870,873,876,879,882,885],{"className":869},[106],[33,871],{"className":872,"style":653},[110],[33,874,709],{"className":875},[115,504],[33,877,712],{"className":878,"style":691},[115,504],[33,880],{"className":881,"style":509},[133],[33,883,470],{"className":884},[513],[33,886],{"className":887,"style":509},[133],[33,889,891,895,898,901,904,907],{"className":890},[106],[33,892],{"className":893,"style":894},[110],"height:0.7667em;vertical-align:-0.0833em;",[33,896,709],{"className":897},[115,504],[33,899,748],{"className":900,"style":767},[115,504],[33,902],{"className":903,"style":134},[133],[33,905,84],{"className":906},[138],[33,908],{"className":909,"style":134},[133],[33,911,913,916,919],{"className":912},[106],[33,914],{"className":915,"style":653},[110],[33,917,748],{"className":918,"style":767},[115,504],[33,920,712],{"className":921,"style":691},[115,504],[33,923,925,1017],{"className":924},[51],[33,926,928],{"className":927},[55],[57,929,930],{"xmlns":59},[61,931,932,1014],{},[64,933,934,936,938,956,958,960,962,964,966,968,982,984,986,988,990,992,994,1008,1010,1012],{},[67,935,73],{"stretchy":72},[465,937,709],{},[939,940,941,943],"msub",{},[465,942,712],{},[64,944,945,948,951,953],{},[465,946,947],{},"m",[465,949,950],{},"e",[465,952,477],{},[465,954,955],{},"s",[67,957,84],{},[465,959,676],{},[67,961,92],{"stretchy":72},[67,963,470],{},[67,965,73],{"stretchy":72},[465,967,709],{},[939,969,970,972],{},[465,971,748],{},[64,973,974,976,978,980],{},[465,975,947],{},[465,977,950],{},[465,979,477],{},[465,981,955],{},[67,983,84],{},[465,985,676],{},[67,987,92],{"stretchy":72},[67,989,84],{},[67,991,73],{"stretchy":72},[465,993,748],{},[939,995,996,998],{},[465,997,712],{},[64,999,1000,1002,1004,1006],{},[465,1001,947],{},[465,1003,950],{},[465,1005,477],{},[465,1007,955],{},[67,1009,84],{},[465,1011,676],{},[67,1013,92],{"stretchy":72},[94,1015,1016],{"encoding":96},"(AC_{meas} + K) = (AB_{meas} + K) + (BC_{meas} + K)",[33,1018,1020,1109,1130,1204,1225,1298],{"className":1019,"ariaHidden":102},[101],[33,1021,1023,1026,1029,1032,1100,1103,1106],{"className":1022},[106],[33,1024],{"className":1025,"style":111},[110],[33,1027,73],{"className":1028},[119],[33,1030,709],{"className":1031},[115,504],[33,1033,1035,1038],{"className":1034},[115],[33,1036,712],{"className":1037,"style":691},[115,504],[33,1039,1042],{"className":1040},[1041],"msupsub",[33,1043,1047,1091],{"className":1044},[1045,1046],"vlist-t","vlist-t2",[33,1048,1051,1086],{"className":1049},[1050],"vlist-r",[33,1052,1056],{"className":1053,"style":1055},[1054],"vlist","height:0.1514em;",[33,1057,1059,1064],{"style":1058},"top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0715em;margin-right:0.05em;",[33,1060],{"className":1061,"style":1063},[1062],"pstrut","height:2.7em;",[33,1065,1071],{"className":1066},[1067,1068,1069,1070],"sizing","reset-size6","size3","mtight",[33,1072,1074,1077,1080,1083],{"className":1073},[115,1070],[33,1075,947],{"className":1076},[115,504,1070],[33,1078,950],{"className":1079},[115,504,1070],[33,1081,477],{"className":1082},[115,504,1070],[33,1084,955],{"className":1085},[115,504,1070],[33,1087,1090],{"className":1088},[1089],"vlist-s","​",[33,1092,1094],{"className":1093},[1050],[33,1095,1098],{"className":1096,"style":1097},[1054],"height:0.15em;",[33,1099],{},[33,1101],{"className":1102,"style":134},[133],[33,1104,84],{"className":1105},[138],[33,1107],{"className":1108,"style":134},[133],[33,1110,1112,1115,1118,1121,1124,1127],{"className":1111},[106],[33,1113],{"className":1114,"style":111},[110],[33,1116,676],{"className":1117,"style":691},[115,504],[33,1119,92],{"className":1120},[160],[33,1122],{"className":1123,"style":509},[133],[33,1125,470],{"className":1126},[513],[33,1128],{"className":1129,"style":509},[133],[33,1131,1133,1136,1139,1142,1195,1198,1201],{"className":1132},[106],[33,1134],{"className":1135,"style":111},[110],[33,1137,73],{"className":1138},[119],[33,1140,709],{"className":1141},[115,504],[33,1143,1145,1148],{"className":1144},[115],[33,1146,748],{"className":1147,"style":767},[115,504],[33,1149,1151],{"className":1150},[1041],[33,1152,1154,1187],{"className":1153},[1045,1046],[33,1155,1157,1184],{"className":1156},[1050],[33,1158,1160],{"className":1159,"style":1055},[1054],[33,1161,1163,1166],{"style":1162},"top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0502em;margin-right:0.05em;",[33,1164],{"className":1165,"style":1063},[1062],[33,1167,1169],{"className":1168},[1067,1068,1069,1070],[33,1170,1172,1175,1178,1181],{"className":1171},[115,1070],[33,1173,947],{"className":1174},[115,504,1070],[33,1176,950],{"className":1177},[115,504,1070],[33,1179,477],{"className":1180},[115,504,1070],[33,1182,955],{"className":1183},[115,504,1070],[33,1185,1090],{"className":1186},[1089],[33,1188,1190],{"className":1189},[1050],[33,1191,1193],{"className":1192,"style":1097},[1054],[33,1194],{},[33,1196],{"className":1197,"style":134},[133],[33,1199,84],{"className":1200},[138],[33,1202],{"className":1203,"style":134},[133],[33,1205,1207,1210,1213,1216,1219,1222],{"className":1206},[106],[33,1208],{"className":1209,"style":111},[110],[33,1211,676],{"className":1212,"style":691},[115,504],[33,1214,92],{"className":1215},[160],[33,1217],{"className":1218,"style":134},[133],[33,1220,84],{"className":1221},[138],[33,1223],{"className":1224,"style":134},[133],[33,1226,1228,1231,1234,1237,1289,1292,1295],{"className":1227},[106],[33,1229],{"className":1230,"style":111},[110],[33,1232,73],{"className":1233},[119],[33,1235,748],{"className":1236,"style":767},[115,504],[33,1238,1240,1243],{"className":1239},[115],[33,1241,712],{"className":1242,"style":691},[115,504],[33,1244,1246],{"className":1245},[1041],[33,1247,1249,1281],{"className":1248},[1045,1046],[33,1250,1252,1278],{"className":1251},[1050],[33,1253,1255],{"className":1254,"style":1055},[1054],[33,1256,1257,1260],{"style":1058},[33,1258],{"className":1259,"style":1063},[1062],[33,1261,1263],{"className":1262},[1067,1068,1069,1070],[33,1264,1266,1269,1272,1275],{"className":1265},[115,1070],[33,1267,947],{"className":1268},[115,504,1070],[33,1270,950],{"className":1271},[115,504,1070],[33,1273,477],{"className":1274},[115,504,1070],[33,1276,955],{"className":1277},[115,504,1070],[33,1279,1090],{"className":1280},[1089],[33,1282,1284],{"className":1283},[1050],[33,1285,1287],{"className":1286,"style":1097},[1054],[33,1288],{},[33,1290],{"className":1291,"style":134},[133],[33,1293,84],{"className":1294},[138],[33,1296],{"className":1297,"style":134},[133],[33,1299,1301,1304,1307],{"className":1300},[106],[33,1302],{"className":1303,"style":111},[110],[33,1305,676],{"className":1306,"style":691},[115,504],[33,1308,92],{"className":1309},[160],[33,1311,1313,1386],{"className":1312},[51],[33,1314,1316],{"className":1315},[55],[57,1317,1318],{"xmlns":59},[61,1319,1320,1383],{},[64,1321,1322,1324,1326,1328,1342,1345,1347,1349,1363,1365,1367,1381],{},[465,1323,676],{},[67,1325,470],{},[465,1327,709],{},[939,1329,1330,1332],{},[465,1331,712],{},[64,1333,1334,1336,1338,1340],{},[465,1335,947],{},[465,1337,950],{},[465,1339,477],{},[465,1341,955],{},[67,1343,1344],{},"−",[67,1346,73],{"stretchy":72},[465,1348,709],{},[939,1350,1351,1353],{},[465,1352,748],{},[64,1354,1355,1357,1359,1361],{},[465,1356,947],{},[465,1358,950],{},[465,1360,477],{},[465,1362,955],{},[67,1364,84],{},[465,1366,748],{},[939,1368,1369,1371],{},[465,1370,712],{},[64,1372,1373,1375,1377,1379],{},[465,1374,947],{},[465,1376,950],{},[465,1378,477],{},[465,1380,955],{},[67,1382,92],{"stretchy":72},[94,1384,1385],{"encoding":96},"K = AC_{meas} - (AB_{meas} + BC_{meas})",[33,1387,1389,1407,1478,1551],{"className":1388,"ariaHidden":102},[101],[33,1390,1392,1395,1398,1401,1404],{"className":1391},[106],[33,1393],{"className":1394,"style":653},[110],[33,1396,676],{"className":1397,"style":691},[115,504],[33,1399],{"className":1400,"style":509},[133],[33,1402,470],{"className":1403},[513],[33,1405],{"className":1406,"style":509},[133],[33,1408,1410,1414,1417,1469,1472,1475],{"className":1409},[106],[33,1411],{"className":1412,"style":1413},[110],"height:0.8333em;vertical-align:-0.15em;",[33,1415,709],{"className":1416},[115,504],[33,1418,1420,1423],{"className":1419},[115],[33,1421,712],{"className":1422,"style":691},[115,504],[33,1424,1426],{"className":1425},[1041],[33,1427,1429,1461],{"className":1428},[1045,1046],[33,1430,1432,1458],{"className":1431},[1050],[33,1433,1435],{"className":1434,"style":1055},[1054],[33,1436,1437,1440],{"style":1058},[33,1438],{"className":1439,"style":1063},[1062],[33,1441,1443],{"className":1442},[1067,1068,1069,1070],[33,1444,1446,1449,1452,1455],{"className":1445},[115,1070],[33,1447,947],{"className":1448},[115,504,1070],[33,1450,950],{"className":1451},[115,504,1070],[33,1453,477],{"className":1454},[115,504,1070],[33,1456,955],{"className":1457},[115,504,1070],[33,1459,1090],{"className":1460},[1089],[33,1462,1464],{"className":1463},[1050],[33,1465,1467],{"className":1466,"style":1097},[1054],[33,1468],{},[33,1470],{"className":1471,"style":134},[133],[33,1473,1344],{"className":1474},[138],[33,1476],{"className":1477,"style":134},[133],[33,1479,1481,1484,1487,1490,1542,1545,1548],{"className":1480},[106],[33,1482],{"className":1483,"style":111},[110],[33,1485,73],{"className":1486},[119],[33,1488,709],{"className":1489},[115,504],[33,1491,1493,1496],{"className":1492},[115],[33,1494,748],{"className":1495,"style":767},[115,504],[33,1497,1499],{"className":1498},[1041],[33,1500,1502,1534],{"className":1501},[1045,1046],[33,1503,1505,1531],{"className":1504},[1050],[33,1506,1508],{"className":1507,"style":1055},[1054],[33,1509,1510,1513],{"style":1162},[33,1511],{"className":1512,"style":1063},[1062],[33,1514,1516],{"className":1515},[1067,1068,1069,1070],[33,1517,1519,1522,1525,1528],{"className":1518},[115,1070],[33,1520,947],{"className":1521},[115,504,1070],[33,1523,950],{"className":1524},[115,504,1070],[33,1526,477],{"className":1527},[115,504,1070],[33,1529,955],{"className":1530},[115,504,1070],[33,1532,1090],{"className":1533},[1089],[33,1535,1537],{"className":1536},[1050],[33,1538,1540],{"className":1539,"style":1097},[1054],[33,1541],{},[33,1543],{"className":1544,"style":134},[133],[33,1546,84],{"className":1547},[138],[33,1549],{"className":1550,"style":134},[133],[33,1552,1554,1557,1560,1612],{"className":1553},[106],[33,1555],{"className":1556,"style":111},[110],[33,1558,748],{"className":1559,"style":767},[115,504],[33,1561,1563,1566],{"className":1562},[115],[33,1564,712],{"className":1565,"style":691},[115,504],[33,1567,1569],{"className":1568},[1041],[33,1570,1572,1604],{"className":1571},[1045,1046],[33,1573,1575,1601],{"className":1574},[1050],[33,1576,1578],{"className":1577,"style":1055},[1054],[33,1579,1580,1583],{"style":1058},[33,1581],{"className":1582,"style":1063},[1062],[33,1584,1586],{"className":1585},[1067,1068,1069,1070],[33,1587,1589,1592,1595,1598],{"className":1588},[115,1070],[33,1590,947],{"className":1591},[115,504,1070],[33,1593,950],{"className":1594},[115,504,1070],[33,1596,477],{"className":1597},[115,504,1070],[33,1599,955],{"className":1600},[115,504,1070],[33,1602,1090],{"className":1603},[1089],[33,1605,1607],{"className":1606},[1050],[33,1608,1610],{"className":1609,"style":1097},[1054],[33,1611],{},[33,1613,92],{"className":1614},[160],[33,1616,1617],{},"54",[11,1619,1621],{"id":1620},"field-workflow-the-three-point-test","Field Workflow: The Three-Point Test",[1623,1624,1625,1629,1714,1718,1814,1818,1823,1827],"steps",{},[240,1626,1628],{"id":1627},"select-a-straight-line","Select a Straight Line",[16,1630,1631,1632,768,1683,1711,1712,40],{},"Choose three points ",[33,1633,1635,1656],{"className":1634},[51],[33,1636,1638],{"className":1637},[55],[57,1639,1640],{"xmlns":59},[61,1641,1642,1653],{},[64,1643,1644,1646,1649,1651],{},[465,1645,709],{},[67,1647,1648],{"separator":102},",",[465,1650,748],{},[67,1652,1648],{"separator":102},[94,1654,1655],{"encoding":96},"A, B,",[33,1657,1659],{"className":1658,"ariaHidden":102},[101],[33,1660,1662,1666,1669,1673,1677,1680],{"className":1661},[106],[33,1663],{"className":1664,"style":1665},[110],"height:0.8778em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;",[33,1667,709],{"className":1668},[115,504],[33,1670,1648],{"className":1671},[1672],"mpunct",[33,1674],{"className":1675,"style":1676},[133],"margin-right:0.1667em;",[33,1678,748],{"className":1679,"style":767},[115,504],[33,1681,1648],{"className":1682},[1672],[33,1684,1686,1699],{"className":1685},[51],[33,1687,1689],{"className":1688},[55],[57,1690,1691],{"xmlns":59},[61,1692,1693,1697],{},[64,1694,1695],{},[465,1696,712],{},[94,1698,712],{"encoding":96},[33,1700,1702],{"className":1701,"ariaHidden":102},[101],[33,1703,1705,1708],{"className":1704},[106],[33,1706],{"className":1707,"style":653},[110],[33,1709,712],{"className":1710,"style":691},[115,504]," in a perfectly straight line ",[33,1713,1617],{},[240,1715,1717],{"id":1716},"measure-all-combinations","Measure all Combinations",[16,1719,1720,1721,1778,1779,31,1812,40],{},"Measure distances ",[33,1722,1724,1748],{"className":1723},[51],[33,1725,1727],{"className":1726},[55],[57,1728,1729],{"xmlns":59},[61,1730,1731,1745],{},[64,1732,1733,1735,1737,1739,1741,1743],{},[465,1734,709],{},[465,1736,748],{},[67,1738,1648],{"separator":102},[465,1740,748],{},[465,1742,712],{},[67,1744,1648],{"separator":102},[94,1746,1747],{"encoding":96},"AB, BC,",[33,1749,1751],{"className":1750,"ariaHidden":102},[101],[33,1752,1754,1757,1760,1763,1766,1769,1772,1775],{"className":1753},[106],[33,1755],{"className":1756,"style":1665},[110],[33,1758,709],{"className":1759},[115,504],[33,1761,748],{"className":1762,"style":767},[115,504],[33,1764,1648],{"className":1765},[1672],[33,1767],{"className":1768,"style":1676},[133],[33,1770,748],{"className":1771,"style":767},[115,504],[33,1773,712],{"className":1774,"style":691},[115,504],[33,1776,1648],{"className":1777},[1672]," and the total ",[33,1780,1782,1797],{"className":1781},[51],[33,1783,1785],{"className":1784},[55],[57,1786,1787],{"xmlns":59},[61,1788,1789,1795],{},[64,1790,1791,1793],{},[465,1792,709],{},[465,1794,712],{},[94,1796,715],{"encoding":96},[33,1798,1800],{"className":1799,"ariaHidden":102},[101],[33,1801,1803,1806,1809],{"className":1802},[106],[33,1804],{"className":1805,"style":653},[110],[33,1807,709],{"className":1808},[115,504],[33,1810,712],{"className":1811,"style":691},[115,504],[33,1813,1617],{},[240,1815,1817],{"id":1816},"calculate-the-difference","Calculate the Difference",[16,1819,1820,1821,40],{},"Subtract the sum of the parts from the whole. This difference is the Zero Error for that specific instrument\u002Fprism combination ",[33,1822,1617],{},[240,1824,1826],{"id":1825},"mean-the-results","Mean the Results",[16,1828,1829,1830,1900,1901,40],{},"Repeat the process using different combinations (e.g., ",[33,1831,1833,1861],{"className":1832},[51],[33,1834,1836],{"className":1835},[55],[57,1837,1838],{"xmlns":59},[61,1839,1840,1858],{},[64,1841,1842,1844,1846,1848,1850,1852,1854,1856],{},[465,1843,709],{},[465,1845,485],{},[67,1847,1648],{"separator":102},[465,1849,748],{},[465,1851,485],{},[67,1853,1648],{"separator":102},[465,1855,712],{},[465,1857,485],{},[94,1859,1860],{"encoding":96},"AD, BD, CD",[33,1862,1864],{"className":1863,"ariaHidden":102},[101],[33,1865,1867,1870,1873,1876,1879,1882,1885,1888,1891,1894,1897],{"className":1866},[106],[33,1868],{"className":1869,"style":1665},[110],[33,1871,709],{"className":1872},[115,504],[33,1874,485],{"className":1875,"style":553},[115,504],[33,1877,1648],{"className":1878},[1672],[33,1880],{"className":1881,"style":1676},[133],[33,1883,748],{"className":1884,"style":767},[115,504],[33,1886,485],{"className":1887,"style":553},[115,504],[33,1889,1648],{"className":1890},[1672],[33,1892],{"className":1893,"style":1676},[133],[33,1895,712],{"className":1896,"style":691},[115,504],[33,1898,485],{"className":1899,"style":553},[115,504],") on a multi-pillar baseline to improve the reliability of the constant ",[33,1902,1617],{},[11,1904,1906],{"id":1905},"step-by-step-example","Step-by-Step Example",[16,1908,1909,1912,1913,1941],{},[20,1910,1911],{},"Problem:"," Calculate the Zero Error (",[33,1914,1916,1929],{"className":1915},[51],[33,1917,1919],{"className":1918},[55],[57,1920,1921],{"xmlns":59},[61,1922,1923,1927],{},[64,1924,1925],{},[465,1926,676],{},[94,1928,676],{"encoding":96},[33,1930,1932],{"className":1931,"ariaHidden":102},[101],[33,1933,1935,1938],{"className":1934},[106],[33,1936],{"className":1937,"style":653},[110],[33,1939,676],{"className":1940,"style":691},[115,504],") and the required correction from these baseline measurements:",[251,1943,1944,2011,2078],{},[254,1945,1946],{},[33,1947,1949,1972],{"className":1948},[51],[33,1950,1952],{"className":1951},[55],[57,1953,1954],{"xmlns":59},[61,1955,1956,1969],{},[64,1957,1958,1960,1962,1964,1967],{},[465,1959,709],{},[465,1961,748],{},[67,1963,470],{},[75,1965,1966],{},"20.512",[79,1968,276],{},[94,1970,1971],{"encoding":96},"AB = 20.512\\text{ m}",[33,1973,1975,1996],{"className":1974,"ariaHidden":102},[101],[33,1976,1978,1981,1984,1987,1990,1993],{"className":1977},[106],[33,1979],{"className":1980,"style":653},[110],[33,1982,709],{"className":1983},[115,504],[33,1985,748],{"className":1986,"style":767},[115,504],[33,1988],{"className":1989,"style":509},[133],[33,1991,470],{"className":1992},[513],[33,1994],{"className":1995,"style":509},[133],[33,1997,1999,2002,2005],{"className":1998},[106],[33,2000],{"className":2001,"style":191},[110],[33,2003,1966],{"className":2004},[115],[33,2006,2008],{"className":2007},[115,126],[33,2009,276],{"className":2010},[115],[254,2012,2013],{},[33,2014,2016,2039],{"className":2015},[51],[33,2017,2019],{"className":2018},[55],[57,2020,2021],{"xmlns":59},[61,2022,2023,2036],{},[64,2024,2025,2027,2029,2031,2034],{},[465,2026,748],{},[465,2028,712],{},[67,2030,470],{},[75,2032,2033],{},"42.690",[79,2035,276],{},[94,2037,2038],{"encoding":96},"BC = 42.690\\text{ m}",[33,2040,2042,2063],{"className":2041,"ariaHidden":102},[101],[33,2043,2045,2048,2051,2054,2057,2060],{"className":2044},[106],[33,2046],{"className":2047,"style":653},[110],[33,2049,748],{"className":2050,"style":767},[115,504],[33,2052,712],{"className":2053,"style":691},[115,504],[33,2055],{"className":2056,"style":509},[133],[33,2058,470],{"className":2059},[513],[33,2061],{"className":2062,"style":509},[133],[33,2064,2066,2069,2072],{"className":2065},[106],[33,2067],{"className":2068,"style":191},[110],[33,2070,2033],{"className":2071},[115],[33,2073,2075],{"className":2074},[115,126],[33,2076,276],{"className":2077},[115],[254,2079,2080,31,2145,40],{},[33,2081,2083,2106],{"className":2082},[51],[33,2084,2086],{"className":2085},[55],[57,2087,2088],{"xmlns":59},[61,2089,2090,2103],{},[64,2091,2092,2094,2096,2098,2101],{},[465,2093,709],{},[465,2095,712],{},[67,2097,470],{},[75,2099,2100],{},"63.192",[79,2102,276],{},[94,2104,2105],{"encoding":96},"AC = 63.192\\text{ m}",[33,2107,2109,2130],{"className":2108,"ariaHidden":102},[101],[33,2110,2112,2115,2118,2121,2124,2127],{"className":2111},[106],[33,2113],{"className":2114,"style":653},[110],[33,2116,709],{"className":2117},[115,504],[33,2119,712],{"className":2120,"style":691},[115,504],[33,2122],{"className":2123,"style":509},[133],[33,2125,470],{"className":2126},[513],[33,2128],{"className":2129,"style":509},[133],[33,2131,2133,2136,2139],{"className":2132},[106],[33,2134],{"className":2135,"style":191},[110],[33,2137,2100],{"className":2138},[115],[33,2140,2142],{"className":2141},[115,126],[33,2143,276],{"className":2144},[115],[33,2146,1617],{},[2148,2149,2150,2292,2536,2583],"ol",{},[254,2151,2152,31,2155,40],{},[20,2153,2154],{},"Sum the Parts:",[33,2156,2158,2195],{"className":2157},[51],[33,2159,2161],{"className":2160},[55],[57,2162,2163],{"xmlns":59},[61,2164,2165,2192],{},[64,2166,2167,2169,2171,2173,2175,2177,2179,2181,2183,2185,2187,2190],{},[465,2168,709],{},[465,2170,748],{},[67,2172,84],{},[465,2174,748],{},[465,2176,712],{},[67,2178,470],{},[75,2180,1966],{},[67,2182,84],{},[75,2184,2033],{},[67,2186,470],{},[75,2188,2189],{},"63.202",[79,2191,276],{},[94,2193,2194],{"encoding":96},"AB + BC = 20.512 + 42.690 = 63.202\\text{ m}",[33,2196,2198,2219,2240,2259,2277],{"className":2197,"ariaHidden":102},[101],[33,2199,2201,2204,2207,2210,2213,2216],{"className":2200},[106],[33,2202],{"className":2203,"style":894},[110],[33,2205,709],{"className":2206},[115,504],[33,2208,748],{"className":2209,"style":767},[115,504],[33,2211],{"className":2212,"style":134},[133],[33,2214,84],{"className":2215},[138],[33,2217],{"className":2218,"style":134},[133],[33,2220,2222,2225,2228,2231,2234,2237],{"className":2221},[106],[33,2223],{"className":2224,"style":653},[110],[33,2226,748],{"className":2227,"style":767},[115,504],[33,2229,712],{"className":2230,"style":691},[115,504],[33,2232],{"className":2233,"style":509},[133],[33,2235,470],{"className":2236},[513],[33,2238],{"className":2239,"style":509},[133],[33,2241,2243,2247,2250,2253,2256],{"className":2242},[106],[33,2244],{"className":2245,"style":2246},[110],"height:0.7278em;vertical-align:-0.0833em;",[33,2248,1966],{"className":2249},[115],[33,2251],{"className":2252,"style":134},[133],[33,2254,84],{"className":2255},[138],[33,2257],{"className":2258,"style":134},[133],[33,2260,2262,2265,2268,2271,2274],{"className":2261},[106],[33,2263],{"className":2264,"style":191},[110],[33,2266,2033],{"className":2267},[115],[33,2269],{"className":2270,"style":509},[133],[33,2272,470],{"className":2273},[513],[33,2275],{"className":2276,"style":509},[133],[33,2278,2280,2283,2286],{"className":2279},[106],[33,2281],{"className":2282,"style":191},[110],[33,2284,2189],{"className":2285},[115],[33,2287,2289],{"className":2288},[115,126],[33,2290,276],{"className":2291},[115],[254,2293,2294,31,2297,40],{},[20,2295,2296],{},"Compare to Whole:",[33,2298,2300,2361],{"className":2299},[51],[33,2301,2303],{"className":2302},[55],[57,2304,2305],{"xmlns":59},[61,2306,2307,2358],{},[64,2308,2309,2311,2325,2327,2329,2331,2333,2335,2337,2339,2341,2343,2345,2347,2349,2351,2353,2356],{},[465,2310,709],{},[939,2312,2313,2315],{},[465,2314,712],{},[64,2316,2317,2319,2321,2323],{},[465,2318,947],{},[465,2320,950],{},[465,2322,477],{},[465,2324,955],{},[67,2326,1344],{},[67,2328,73],{"stretchy":72},[465,2330,709],{},[465,2332,748],{},[67,2334,84],{},[465,2336,748],{},[465,2338,712],{},[67,2340,92],{"stretchy":72},[67,2342,470],{},[75,2344,2100],{},[67,2346,1344],{},[75,2348,2189],{},[67,2350,470],{},[67,2352,1344],{},[75,2354,2355],{},"0.010",[79,2357,276],{},[94,2359,2360],{"encoding":96},"AC_{meas} - (AB + BC) = 63.192 - 63.202 = -0.010\\text{ m}",[33,2362,2364,2434,2458,2482,2500,2518],{"className":2363,"ariaHidden":102},[101],[33,2365,2367,2370,2373,2425,2428,2431],{"className":2366},[106],[33,2368],{"className":2369,"style":1413},[110],[33,2371,709],{"className":2372},[115,504],[33,2374,2376,2379],{"className":2375},[115],[33,2377,712],{"className":2378,"style":691},[115,504],[33,2380,2382],{"className":2381},[1041],[33,2383,2385,2417],{"className":2384},[1045,1046],[33,2386,2388,2414],{"className":2387},[1050],[33,2389,2391],{"className":2390,"style":1055},[1054],[33,2392,2393,2396],{"style":1058},[33,2394],{"className":2395,"style":1063},[1062],[33,2397,2399],{"className":2398},[1067,1068,1069,1070],[33,2400,2402,2405,2408,2411],{"className":2401},[115,1070],[33,2403,947],{"className":2404},[115,504,1070],[33,2406,950],{"className":2407},[115,504,1070],[33,2409,477],{"className":2410},[115,504,1070],[33,2412,955],{"className":2413},[115,504,1070],[33,2415,1090],{"className":2416},[1089],[33,2418,2420],{"className":2419},[1050],[33,2421,2423],{"className":2422,"style":1097},[1054],[33,2424],{},[33,2426],{"className":2427,"style":134},[133],[33,2429,1344],{"className":2430},[138],[33,2432],{"className":2433,"style":134},[133],[33,2435,2437,2440,2443,2446,2449,2452,2455],{"className":2436},[106],[33,2438],{"className":2439,"style":111},[110],[33,2441,73],{"className":2442},[119],[33,2444,709],{"className":2445},[115,504],[33,2447,748],{"className":2448,"style":767},[115,504],[33,2450],{"className":2451,"style":134},[133],[33,2453,84],{"className":2454},[138],[33,2456],{"className":2457,"style":134},[133],[33,2459,2461,2464,2467,2470,2473,2476,2479],{"className":2460},[106],[33,2462],{"className":2463,"style":111},[110],[33,2465,748],{"className":2466,"style":767},[115,504],[33,2468,712],{"className":2469,"style":691},[115,504],[33,2471,92],{"className":2472},[160],[33,2474],{"className":2475,"style":509},[133],[33,2477,470],{"className":2478},[513],[33,2480],{"className":2481,"style":509},[133],[33,2483,2485,2488,2491,2494,2497],{"className":2484},[106],[33,2486],{"className":2487,"style":2246},[110],[33,2489,2100],{"className":2490},[115],[33,2492],{"className":2493,"style":134},[133],[33,2495,1344],{"className":2496},[138],[33,2498],{"className":2499,"style":134},[133],[33,2501,2503,2506,2509,2512,2515],{"className":2502},[106],[33,2504],{"className":2505,"style":191},[110],[33,2507,2189],{"className":2508},[115],[33,2510],{"className":2511,"style":509},[133],[33,2513,470],{"className":2514},[513],[33,2516],{"className":2517,"style":509},[133],[33,2519,2521,2524,2527,2530],{"className":2520},[106],[33,2522],{"className":2523,"style":2246},[110],[33,2525,1344],{"className":2526},[115],[33,2528,2355],{"className":2529},[115],[33,2531,2533],{"className":2532},[115,126],[33,2534,276],{"className":2535},[115],[254,2537,2538],{},[20,2539,2540,2541,40],{},"The Error is ",[33,2542,2544,2562],{"className":2543},[51],[33,2545,2547],{"className":2546},[55],[57,2548,2549],{"xmlns":59},[61,2550,2551,2559],{},[64,2552,2553,2555,2557],{},[67,2554,1344],{},[75,2556,216],{},[79,2558,81],{},[94,2560,2561],{"encoding":96},"-10\\text{ mm}",[33,2563,2565],{"className":2564,"ariaHidden":102},[101],[33,2566,2568,2571,2574,2577],{"className":2567},[106],[33,2569],{"className":2570,"style":2246},[110],[33,2572,1344],{"className":2573},[115],[33,2575,216],{"className":2576},[115],[33,2578,2580],{"className":2579},[115,126],[33,2581,81],{"className":2582},[115],[254,2584,2585,2630,2631,40],{},[20,2586,2587,2588],{},"The Correction is ",[33,2589,2591,2609],{"className":2590},[51],[33,2592,2594],{"className":2593},[55],[57,2595,2596],{"xmlns":59},[61,2597,2598,2606],{},[64,2599,2600,2602,2604],{},[67,2601,84],{},[75,2603,216],{},[79,2605,81],{},[94,2607,2608],{"encoding":96},"+10\\text{ mm}",[33,2610,2612],{"className":2611,"ariaHidden":102},[101],[33,2613,2615,2618,2621,2624],{"className":2614},[106],[33,2616],{"className":2617,"style":2246},[110],[33,2619,84],{"className":2620},[115],[33,2622,216],{"className":2623},[115],[33,2625,2627],{"className":2626},[115,126],[33,2628,81],{"className":2629},[115]," (to be added to every future measurement) ",[33,2632,1617],{},[11,2634,2636],{"id":2635},"practical-tips","Practical Tips",[251,2638,2639,2647,2655],{},[254,2640,2641,2644,2645,40],{},[20,2642,2643],{},"Consistency:"," Always use the same prism with the same instrument. Switching prisms without re-calibrating introduces a new, unknown Zero Error ",[33,2646,1617],{},[254,2648,2649,2652,2653,40],{},[20,2650,2651],{},"Warm-up:"," Scale error is temperature-dependent. Always let the Total Station \"warm up\" for 10–15 minutes before taking critical measurements ",[33,2654,349],{},[254,2656,2657,2660,2661,2665,2666,40],{},[20,2658,2659],{},"Meteorological Data:"," EDM distance depends on air density. For high-precision work, you ",[2662,2663,2664],"em",{},"must"," measure temperature and pressure at both ends of the line and apply the velocity correction algorithm ",[33,2667,2668],{},"54, 55",[11,2670,2672],{"id":2671},"common-mistakes","Common Mistakes",[251,2674,2675,2721],{},[254,2676,2677,2680,2681,31,2719,40],{},[20,2678,2679],{},"Mixing Prism Brands:"," Using a Leica prism with a Trimble instrument (or vice versa) without checking the \"Absolute vs. Circular\" constant will cause a zero error of roughly ",[33,2682,2684,2701],{"className":2683},[51],[33,2685,2687],{"className":2686},[55],[57,2688,2689],{"xmlns":59},[61,2690,2691,2698],{},[64,2692,2693,2696],{},[75,2694,2695],{},"30",[79,2697,81],{},[94,2699,2700],{"encoding":96},"30\\text{ mm}",[33,2702,2704],{"className":2703,"ariaHidden":102},[101],[33,2705,2707,2710,2713],{"className":2706},[106],[33,2708],{"className":2709,"style":191},[110],[33,2711,2695],{"className":2712},[115],[33,2714,2716],{"className":2715},[115,126],[33,2717,81],{"className":2718},[115],[33,2720,1617],{},[254,2722,2723,2726,2727,2791,2792,403,2830,2867,2868,2927,2928,40],{},[20,2724,2725],{},"Ignoring Cyclic Error:"," Cyclic error is small (",[33,2728,2730,2752],{"className":2729},[51],[33,2731,2733],{"className":2732},[55],[57,2734,2735],{"xmlns":59},[61,2736,2737,2749],{},[64,2738,2739,2741,2743,2745,2747],{},[67,2740,69],{},[75,2742,77],{},[67,2744,1344],{},[75,2746,176],{},[79,2748,81],{},[94,2750,2751],{"encoding":96},"\\pm 2-5\\text{ mm}",[33,2753,2755,2776],{"className":2754,"ariaHidden":102},[101],[33,2756,2758,2761,2764,2767,2770,2773],{"className":2757},[106],[33,2759],{"className":2760,"style":2246},[110],[33,2762,69],{"className":2763},[115],[33,2765,77],{"className":2766},[115],[33,2768],{"className":2769,"style":134},[133],[33,2771,1344],{"className":2772},[138],[33,2774],{"className":2775,"style":134},[133],[33,2777,2779,2782,2785],{"className":2778},[106],[33,2780],{"className":2781,"style":191},[110],[33,2783,176],{"className":2784},[115],[33,2786,2788],{"className":2787},[115,126],[33,2789,81],{"className":2790},[115],") but critical for deformation monitoring. It can only be found by measuring distances at ",[33,2793,2795,2812],{"className":2794},[51],[33,2796,2798],{"className":2797},[55],[57,2799,2800],{"xmlns":59},[61,2801,2802,2809],{},[64,2803,2804,2807],{},[75,2805,2806],{},"1",[79,2808,276],{},[94,2810,2811],{"encoding":96},"1\\text{ m}",[33,2813,2815],{"className":2814,"ariaHidden":102},[101],[33,2816,2818,2821,2824],{"className":2817},[106],[33,2819],{"className":2820,"style":191},[110],[33,2822,2806],{"className":2823},[115],[33,2825,2827],{"className":2826},[115,126],[33,2828,276],{"className":2829},[115],[33,2831,2833,2849],{"className":2832},[51],[33,2834,2836],{"className":2835},[55],[57,2837,2838],{"xmlns":59},[61,2839,2840,2846],{},[64,2841,2842,2844],{},[75,2843,77],{},[79,2845,276],{},[94,2847,2848],{"encoding":96},"2\\text{ m}",[33,2850,2852],{"className":2851,"ariaHidden":102},[101],[33,2853,2855,2858,2861],{"className":2854},[106],[33,2856],{"className":2857,"style":191},[110],[33,2859,77],{"className":2860},[115],[33,2862,2864],{"className":2863},[115,126],[33,2865,276],{"className":2866},[115]," intervals across a full ",[33,2869,2871,2891],{"className":2870},[51],[33,2872,2874],{"className":2873},[55],[57,2875,2876],{"xmlns":59},[61,2877,2878,2888],{},[64,2879,2880,2882,2884,2886],{},[75,2881,216],{},[67,2883,1344],{},[75,2885,418],{},[79,2887,276],{},[94,2889,2890],{"encoding":96},"10-20\\text{ m}",[33,2892,2894,2912],{"className":2893,"ariaHidden":102},[101],[33,2895,2897,2900,2903,2906,2909],{"className":2896},[106],[33,2898],{"className":2899,"style":2246},[110],[33,2901,216],{"className":2902},[115],[33,2904],{"className":2905,"style":134},[133],[33,2907,1344],{"className":2908},[138],[33,2910],{"className":2911,"style":134},[133],[33,2913,2915,2918,2921],{"className":2914},[106],[33,2916],{"className":2917,"style":191},[110],[33,2919,418],{"className":2920},[115],[33,2922,2924],{"className":2923},[115,126],[33,2925,276],{"className":2926},[115]," phase cycle ",[33,2929,349],{},[11,2931,2933],{"id":2932},"faq","FAQ",[2935,2936,2937,3024,3033],"accordion",{},[2938,2939,2941],"accordion-item",{"label":2940},"What is a 'Pillar Baseline'?",[16,2942,2943,2944,2982,2983,3021,3022,40],{},"It is a series of stable concrete pillars (often ",[33,2945,2947,2964],{"className":2946},[51],[33,2948,2950],{"className":2949},[55],[57,2951,2952],{"xmlns":59},[61,2953,2954,2961],{},[64,2955,2956,2959],{},[75,2957,2958],{},"100",[79,2960,276],{},[94,2962,2963],{"encoding":96},"100\\text{ m}",[33,2965,2967],{"className":2966,"ariaHidden":102},[101],[33,2968,2970,2973,2976],{"className":2969},[106],[33,2971],{"className":2972,"style":191},[110],[33,2974,2958],{"className":2975},[115],[33,2977,2979],{"className":2978},[115,126],[33,2980,276],{"className":2981},[115]," to ",[33,2984,2986,3003],{"className":2985},[51],[33,2987,2989],{"className":2988},[55],[57,2990,2991],{"xmlns":59},[61,2992,2993,3000],{},[64,2994,2995,2997],{},[75,2996,2806],{},[79,2998,2999],{}," km",[94,3001,3002],{"encoding":96},"1\\text{ km}",[33,3004,3006],{"className":3005,"ariaHidden":102},[101],[33,3007,3009,3012,3015],{"className":3008},[106],[33,3010],{"className":3011,"style":621},[110],[33,3013,2806],{"className":3014},[115],[33,3016,3018],{"className":3017},[115,126],[33,3019,2999],{"className":3020},[115]," total length) used to provide known distances for commercial EDM calibration ",[33,3023,39],{},[2938,3025,3027],{"label":3026},"How often should I calibrate?",[16,3028,3029,3030,40],{},"Professional standards usually require a full baseline calibration annually, or whenever the instrument is dropped or serviced ",[33,3031,3032],{},"56",[2938,3034,3036],{"label":3035},"Can I fix Scale Error in the field?",[16,3037,3038,3039,40],{},"No. Scale error requires a laboratory-grade frequency meter to check the internal oscillator. If the scale error exceeds specifications, the unit must be serviced ",[33,3040,349],{},[11,3042,3044],{"id":3043},"conclusion","Conclusion",[16,3046,3047,3048,3105],{},"An EDM is only as accurate as its last calibration. By understanding the ",[33,3049,3051,3071],{"className":3050},[51],[33,3052,3054],{"className":3053},[55],[57,3055,3056],{"xmlns":59},[61,3057,3058,3068],{},[64,3059,3060,3062,3064,3066],{},[465,3061,477],{},[67,3063,84],{},[465,3065,482],{},[465,3067,485],{},[94,3069,3070],{"encoding":96},"a + bD",[33,3072,3074,3093],{"className":3073,"ariaHidden":102},[101],[33,3075,3077,3081,3084,3087,3090],{"className":3076},[106],[33,3078],{"className":3079,"style":3080},[110],"height:0.6667em;vertical-align:-0.0833em;",[33,3082,477],{"className":3083},[115,504],[33,3085],{"className":3086,"style":134},[133],[33,3088,84],{"className":3089},[138],[33,3091],{"className":3092,"style":134},[133],[33,3094,3096,3099,3102],{"className":3095},[106],[33,3097],{"className":3098,"style":621},[110],[33,3100,482],{"className":3101},[115,504],[33,3103,485],{"className":3104,"style":553},[115,504]," formula and performing regular three-point tests, you ensure that your precision total station produces results that are both accurate and legally defensible.",[11,3107,3109],{"id":3108},"references","References",[16,3111,3112,3113,3116,3117,40],{},"Schofield, W. (2001). ",[2662,3114,3115],{},"Engineering Surveying",". 5th ed. Butterworth-Heinemann. 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